弗洛伊德
7.0 |06月04日 |第8集完结
简介:
最近,在萨特的遗稿中发现了一部电影剧本手稿,这便是一九五八年由好莱坞的约翰·哈斯顿导演,蒙哥马利·克利夫特领衔主演,萨特编剧的二流电影《弗洛伊德》。值得庆幸的是,这部手稿没有因为电影的不成功而被萨特毁掉。现在人们可以通过这部电影剧本进一步了解萨特对弗洛伊德的具体看法如何,特别是因为这部电影在上映时应萨特的要求没有打出他的编剧的名字,很多人还不知道是出自他老先生的手笔。  萨特为什么不想让人知道是他写的呢?原来是这样的:一九五八年约翰·哈斯顿来找萨特,请他写一部《弗洛伊德》的电影脚本。萨特答应了,先写了一份长达九十五页打印好的提要出来。哈斯顿看了以后认为满意,请他继续写拍摄脚本。可是这个脚本太长,如果要照这个本子拍戏,恐怕要拍上七个小时的电影,一般没有受过严格的智力训练的观众,可就受不了了。第一稿没有通过,哈斯顿请他删改。可改出来的本子依然冗长。哈斯顿要他再改,萨特坚决不答应。最后,要开拍了,萨特无奈只好又改,只是要求在上映时不要打出他的名字。  这不禁令人奇怪,为什么哈斯顿一开始要找萨特写弗洛伊德呢?他知道,萨特本人对于弗氏及其学说是出名的冷淡,并且根本不承认弗氏的无意识说,至少他认为这个提法不确。他曾提出过自己的一套所谓存在主义精神分析,用以补充和改造弗洛伊德的精神分析。不错,萨特也曾写过几部剧本,这些剧本也搬上了银幕。但是,他写的剧本,一旦拍成电影就很可能是一大篇哲学演讲式的说教,使一般观众难以接受。然而,哈斯顿却偏要去找他,而他居然答应了。  尽管萨特不喜欢弗洛伊德,但是,平心而论,这个电影剧本虽然没有吹捧弗氏,倒也不见得有十分的敌意。对两场主要的戏,萨特都花了笔墨和功夫。第一场戏讲的是弗洛伊德在他一生事业的前十年摸索精神分析的目的和治疗方法。这十年,弗氏制定了,或者说发现了自己的明确目标是要尽力摆脱他人的影响。萨特描述了正在探索前进道路的弗洛伊德是如何竭力摆脱西奥多·梅勒特、约瑟夫·布鲁诺和讨厌的威廉·弗里斯这些人对他的包围和粗暴干扰。尤其对弗里斯这个人,萨特把他说成是一个魔鬼,而众所周知,这些人都是弗洛伊德的朋友、同事,特别是弗里斯,更是他的亲密朋友。在第二场里,主要表现了一大群患歇斯底里症的女病人,她们接受了弗洛伊德的精神分析治疗,有的获得了痊愈。最后,弗洛伊德还是弗洛伊德,一个步入中年,深感孤独的人,一个没有神,没有父亲的存在主义英雄。总的来说,萨特笔下的弗洛伊德,不仅是一个具有同情心和科学头脑的医生,而且是一个因为不肯承认有弑父心理而深感苦恼的人。同时,弗氏对奥地利的反犹思潮也显得忧心忡忡。在另一方面,弗氏被描绘成一个非常严厉的人,萨特说他有时有点象斯大林。在诊所里,他随时准备为采取最残忍的治疗方法进行辩护,而用最后的成功来证明其善意的初衷。他对那些维也纳的中产阶级死硬派进行报复,揭他们的丑,这一点似乎也表明了萨特本人对法国资产阶,级的仇恨心理。  上述这些,当然在拍电影时都被删掉了,所以这个剧本就更值得一读。目前这个剧本已被译成英文,其中收入了萨特写的第一稿全文和第二稿的部分场景。全剧分三幕,每组镜头都无一例外地表现出弗洛伊德这位精神分析大师的自我创造,无疑,这也是萨特的存在主义对精神分析的改造。对于弗氏的精神分析疗法无论是喜欢还是嘲笑,从来还没有人象萨特这样把它写成一部具有丰富内涵的剧本。
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